India has published a list which effectively strips some four million people in the north-eastern state of Assam of their citizenship.
The National Register of Citizens (NRC) is a list of people who can prove they came to the state by 24 March 1971, when Bangladesh was created.
India says the process is to root out hordes of illegal Bangladeshi migrants.
But it has sparked fears of a witch hunt against ethnic minorities in Assam.
Fearing violence, officials say that no-one will face immediate deportation.
However, they say that a lengthy appeal process will be available to all – even if it means millions of families will live in limbo until they get a final decision on their legal status.
But this did not reassure Hasitun Nissa, who spoke to the BBC’s Joe Miller days before the list was published. She has never known a home outside the floodplains of Assam.
t’s where the 47-year-old schoolteacher spent her childhood, where she studied, where she got married and where she had her four children.
But she said she expected to be stripped of her Indian citizenship, and feared her land rights, voting rights and freedom would be in peril.
She’s not alone. Around four million Bengalis – a linguistic minority in Assam – have now fallen foul of the long, bureaucratic process.
As per the Assam Accord, an agreement signed by then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1985, all those who cannot prove that they came to the north-eastern state before 24 March 1971, will be deleted from electoral rolls, and expelled.
But activists say the NRC is being used as a pretext for a two-pronged attack – by Hindu nationalists and Assamese hardliners – on the state’s legitimate Bengali community, a large portion of whom are Muslims.
Like Hasitun, many Bengalis live in the verdant wetlands dotted along the Bramaputra river, moving around when water levels rise.
Their paperwork, if it exists, is often inaccurate.
Officials claim illegal Bangladeshis are enmeshed in the Bengali population, often hiding in plain sight, with forged papers – and a thorough examination of all documents is the only way to flush them out.
But Bengali campaigner Nazrul Ali Ahmed is adamant that the NRC is serving another agenda entirely.
“It is nothing but a conspiracy to commit atrocities,” he told the BBC
They are openly threatening to get rid of Muslims, and what happened to the Rohingya in Myanmar, could happen to us here”.
Such alarming comparisons are readily dismissed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government, which emphasises that the NRC is an apolitical task, overseen by the country’s secular Supreme Court.
And after human rights organisations began to express concern, the civil servant in charge of the NRC, Prateek Hajela, felt compelled to release a statement – stressing that the law requires him to make “no differentiation on the basis of religion or language” in determining citizenship.
Yet the prime minister has never been shy of expressing his preference for Hindu Bangladeshi migrants, whom he says should be embraced by India.
Other “infiltrators”, Mr Modi told a crowd in 2014, would be deported.
His Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is even considering a bill which would enshrine the rights of Hindu migrants in law.
Indeed, a promotional song posted on Facebook by the NRC itself does little to calm the nerves of those worried about a Hindu nationalist witch hunt.
“A new revolution, to defeat the alien enemy, is beckoning,” a young woman sings, “bravely let us shield our motherland.”
Hardly the stuff you’d expect to hear about a democratic administrative procedure.
Siddhartha Bhattacharya, Assam’s law minister, and a member of the BJP, is in no doubt about the fate of those who have been rejected.
“Everyone will be given a right to prove their citizenship,” he told the BBC. “But if they fail to do so, well, the legal system will take its own course.”
That, Mr Bhattacharya clarified, would mean expulsion from India.
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